Chapter 9 vocab

Adolescence- Stage in life when humans go through the transforming process of changing from children to adults.

Puberty- Period of development marked by growth spurts and sexual maturation.

Pituitary gland- Small organ at the base of the brain that releases hormones that regulate growth and hormones.

   

Asynchrony- Growth occurs at different rates, adolescences may appear to be "all legs and arms".

Voice cracking- Male voice changes during early teen years. 

Energy balance- Maintaining a healthy body weight, the intake of calories must be equal to the output of calories.

Eating disorder- Serious condition that involves abnormal eating patterns that can cause severe to life-threatening physical problems

Anorexia nervosa- Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation, one type of eating disorder.

Bulimia nervosa- Eating disorder that uses binging and purging pattern.

Bingeing- Involves consuming large amounts of food. 

Purging- Self- induced method of expelling food from the system such as vomiting or using laxatives. 

Binge-eating disorder- Involves eating large amounts of food without taking any actions to reduce the amount of food intake. 

Personal fable- Thinking pattern related to cognitive function.

Invincible- Many adolescence believe that bad things will never happen to them because they are unique and special.

Formal operations- Piaget's fourth and final stage of his theory where he believes this stage starts at the beginning of adolescence.

Amygdala- Part of the brain responsible for emotional reactions such as anger, develops early. 

Prefrontal cortex- Regulates emotions and impulse control.

Metaphors- Connects 2 seemingly unlike objects objects or ideas that have something in common such as "my car is a lemon"  to denote that a car has mechanical problems. 

Idiom- Expression that has cultural meaning, but does not necessarily make sense.

Decision making process- Series of steps that involves examining the issue, analyzing alternatives, and acting based on careful evaluation. 

Identity versus identity confusion- Most important task for adolescence is the quest to establish identity and life roles. 

Imaginary audience- Adolescence make themselves the main player on the stage of life and believe everyone is watching them. 

Peer pressure- Influence that a group of people has on an individual in the same age group. 

Cyberbullying- Harassment of others through digital media.

Substance abuse- Misuse of drugs to a toxic, dangerous level. 

Extracurricular activities- Promote group interaction and have a positive effect on social skills. 

Career and technical student organizations (CTSOs)- Provide students with opportunities to demonstrate social skills such as loyalty, responsibility and leadership.  

Chapter 8 vocab

Nutrient-dense- Foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals and contain relatively few calories.
Body composition- Describes the proportion of body fat to lean mass (muscle, bone, and water) in a person's body.
Overweight- A high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass.
Obesity- An excessive amount of body fat.
Malnutrition- A chronic problem caused by a significant lack of nutrients within a person's diet.
Centering- Piaget's theory that many children tend to focus on only one part of a situation.
Reversibility- Children struggle with the concept of reversing.
Concrete operational stage- Children think logically based on past experiences.
Learning diversity- Differences in learning based on abilities or experiences.
Learning styles- Methods of taking in and processing information.
Executive strategies- Skills used to solve problems.
Conventional mortality- Children may make a moral decision based on the desire to be perceived as "good" or "bad.
Industry versus inferiority- Children become more independent.
Bullying- Act of intimidating, threatening, or hurting someone else.
Stress- Body's response when faced with many problems and pressures.
Hyperopia- Difficulty seeing objects up close.
Myopia- Trouble seeing things far.
Dyslexia- Difficulty understanding and recognizing letters, symbols and sentences.
Mainstreaming- Placement of special needs students who show the ability to keep up with the curriculum.

Parenting styles

Authoritarian parents are the ones who want their children to follow strict rules at home and outside of the house. They are always the ones who give the punishments when the rules are not followed like they should be. The severity of the punishments depend on the parents, some parents are extremely strict and will give the child a whooping and others will take away privileges.
Permissive parents let their children control situations and make their own decisions with few limits and controls and let them make their own mistakes.
Involved parents don't want any part of their childs life and they do not care what they do or what they think.

Characteristics of thinking

Egocentrism- The students are at the preschool age where they believe things happen because of them. They also believe that when something happens at home, they think it was because they had done something wrong and now they are in trouble, but they do not understand that it is not their fault and they are not in trouble. During the preschool age, they are always thinking that when something is put in front of them, it is all for them and they do not have to share it with anyone else that is around them.
Centration- The student often tends to focus on jut one aspect of an object seen. If they notice something interesting, then they will stay with that one object and won't leave it for something else.
Inability to converse- Students do not have the ability to see the transformation in a viewed object.
Animistic thinking- The child will make a object come to life such as a doll or other objects that they play with
Supernatural fears- These are fears that seem worse than they actually are to a child. They get very scared when they see the object or thing they are scared to go near or see.
Classification- This is the ability to know what a object is called and not get it confused with a similar object. Classifying an object will help a child later in life because they will beable to correctly identify an object.
Difficulty identifying transformations- The kids have a difficult time trying to identify the differences in an object.

Age appropriate toys

Age appropriate toys for the ages between 1 and 2 years old

1. Books and recordings- this toy would be age appropriate because it will help the child learn how to read and it can show them how different letters make up a word and it will make it easier for the child to tell the parents what the book says.
2. Large cardboard boxes- this toy is appropriate because it can open up the child's imagination and let them be creative with the box. 

Moms to Monsters

I think that the mom did this to get attention and to make people feel bad for her. This shows that there is definitely something mentally wrong with her and she needs to seek medical attention as soon as possible. As described in the article, she had put drugs into her daughters system to make her go into anaphylactic shock by taking things from the lab and bringing them home to get her daughter sick.
My reaction when I read this article made me very angry and upset knowing that a mother would actually do this to her own child, pretend that she had cancer, and to trick everyone into believing that she had lost two babies while she was 5 months pregnant. She was also hurting her child on a daily basis and pretending to get sick in the process.
She deserves to be behind bars for the rest of her life. She didn't only hurt herself but she hurt her daughter which is her own flesh and blood. She should not have the right to have kids and have them live with her. If she gets out of prison early, people need to watch out because she is a dangerous person.